An Overview of the Sunbelt in the U.S.

The Sun Belt is the region in the United States that stretches across the Southern and Southwestern portions of the country from Florida to California. The Sunbelt typically includes the states of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California. Major U.S. cities placed within the Sun Belt according to every definition include Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, Orlando, and Phoenix. However, some extend the definition of Sun Belt as far north as the cities Denver, Raleigh-Durham, Memphis, Salt Lake City, and San Francisco. Throughout U.S. history, especially after World War II, the Sun Belt saw abundant population growth in these cities as well as many others and has been an important area socially, politically, and economically. History of Sun Belt Growth The term Sun Belt is said to have been coined in 1969 by writer and political analyst Kevin Phillips in his book The Emerging Republican Majority to describe the area of the U.S. that encompassed the region from Florida to California and included industries like oil, military, and aerospace but also many retirement communities. Following Phillips introduction of the term, it became widely used in the 1970s and beyond. Although the term Sun Belt was not used until 1969, growth had been occurring in the southern U.S. since World War II. This is because, at the time, many military manufacturing jobs were moving from the Northeast U.S. (the region known as the Rust Belt) to the South and the West. Growth in the South and West then further continued after the war and later grew substantially near the U.S./Mexico border in the late 1960s when Mexican and other Latin American immigrants began to move north. In the 1970s, Sun Belt became the official term to describe the area and growth continued even further as the U.S. South and West became more important economically than the Northeast. Part of the regions growth was a direct result of increasing agriculture and the earlier green revolution which introduced new farming technologies. In addition, because of the prevalence of agriculture and related jobs in the region, immigration in the area continued to grow as immigrants from neighboring Mexico and other areas were looking for jobs in the U.S. On top of immigration from areas outside the U.S., the Sun Belts population also grew via migration from other parts of the U.S. in the 1970s. This was due to the invention of affordable and effective air conditioning. It additionally involved the movement of retirees from Northern states to the South, especially Florida and Arizona. Air conditioning played an especially significant role in the growth of many Southern cities like those in Arizona where temperatures can sometimes exceed 100 F (37 C). For example, the average temperature in July in Phoenix, Arizona is 90 F (32 C), while it is just over 70 F (21 C) in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Milder winters in the Sun Belt also made the region attractive to retirees as much of it is relatively comfortable year-round and it allows them to escape cold winters. In Minneapolis, the average temperature in January is just over 10 F (-12 C) while in Phoenix it is 55 F (12 C). Additionally, new types of businesses and industries like aerospace, defense and military, and oil moved from the North to the Sun Belt as the region was cheaper and there were fewer labor unions. This further added to the Sun Belts growth and importance economically. Oil, for example, helped Texas grow economically, while military installations drew people, defense industries, and aerospace firms to the desert Southwest and California, and favorable weather led to increased tourism in places like Southern California, Las Vegas, and Florida. By 1990, Sun Belt cities like Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix, Dallas, and San Antonio were among the ten largest in the U.S. In addition, because of the Sun Belts relatively high proportion of immigrants in its population, its overall birth rate was higher than the rest of the U.S. Despite this growth, however, the Sun Belt did experience its share of problems in the 1980s and 1990s. For example, the regions economic prosperity has been uneven and at one point 23 out of the 25 largest metropolitan regions with the lowest per capita incomes in the U.S. were in the Sun Belt. In addition, the rapid growth in places like Los Angeles caused various environmental problems, one of the most significant of which was and still is air pollution. The Sun Belt Today Today, growth in the Sun Belt has slowed, but its larger cities still remain as some of the largest and fastest-growing in the U.S. Nevada, for example, is among the nations fastest-growing states due to its high immigration. Between 1990 and 2008, the states population increased by a whopping 216% (from 1,201,833 in 1990 to 2,600,167 in 2008). Also seeing dramatic growth, Arizona saw a population increase of 177% and Utah grew by 159% between 1990 and 2008. The San Francisco Bay Area in California with the major cities of San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose still also remains a growing area, while growth in outlying areas like Nevada has decreased significantly due to nationwide economic problems. With this decrease in growth and outmigration, housing prices in cities like Las Vegas have plummeted in recent years. Despite recent economic problems, the U.S. South and West (the areas that comprise the Sun Belt) still remain the fastest growing regions in the country. Between 2000 and 2008, the number one fastest growing area, the West, saw a population change of 12.1% while the second, the South, saw a change of 11.5%, making the Sun Belt still, as it has been since the 1960s, one of the most important growth regions in the U.S.

Literature Demonstrating Individual, Ideologies, While...

Literature: Demonstrating Individual â€Å"Ideologies† while Challenging the Dominant Ideology Introduction Ernst Fischer believes that literature â€Å"always transcends the ideological limits of its time, yielding us insight into the realities which ideology hides from view† (Eagleton 8). This is mostly true because, I argue, literature per se tries to convey individual ideologies, while it tries to push beyond the limits of the dominant ideology in order for us to see more about the realities; however, we cannot really see the realities through literature, because different human ideologies, often contained in literature, are themselves produced by limited understandings. According to Marx, the word â€Å"ideology† signifies â€Å"the way men live out their roles in class-society, the values, ideas and images which tie them to their social functions and so prevent them from a true knowledge of society as a whole,† so in other words, an ideology is tightly connected to certain men’s limited perceptions when they play certain roles in the society (Eagleton 8). It is the same for literature— it is not possible for authors to consider every aspect of the society and directly write out the realities, even though they might have observed more than other people have done. After all, the authors are a genre of men, whose obtain their perceptions through their own eyes, not through some sudden divine enlightenments of truth. Moreover, the writers are themselves in the industry of literature, playingShow MoreRelatedSocial Construction of Race1867 Words   |  8 Pagesobscurity while ruthlessly establishing that which is ‘not white’† (Bernardi 38). 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African American Female Rappers History Free Essays

string(67) " in her contribution to the development of black female rap music\." American culture, being traditionally perceived as quite liberal and democratic, is in fact paralyzed by the overwhelming power of stereotypes which shape the current image of culture at large and its industries, including music, in particular. Even the most innovative and advanced movement’s turn to be submitted to the canons of the ideology that dominates in American culture.Unfortunately, such a situation does not contribute to the development of really free, liberal and focused on spiritual, moral and intellectual progress of the consumers of the culture. We will write a custom essay sample on African American Female Rappers History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Probably one of the most interesting, new and, unfortunately, typical example of the domination of stereotypes in American culture is the development of female black rap music, which has become particularly intensive in 1980s and is still quite dynamically developing.At first glance black female rap music should be free from traditional stereotypes, it should be innovative and contributing to black female emancipation and increasing the role of black females in the society at large but, in actuality, the situation is absolutely different. Despite the fact that many female rappers pretend to be unique at developing the new image of a free and independent black female, it turns to be that practically all of them, or at least the most popular of them, are ideologically dependent on the male dominance in proper and figurative sense of this word.It means that as a rule black female rappers tend to create an image which can be well accepted by the wide audience and which is created on the basis of the dominating ideology in American culture, notably in American rap music that is characterized by the male dominance and the role of a black female is so to say secondary or subordinated to a male.As a result, instead of a new image of a black female that could be independent and free of male dominance, rap music industry and the audience have got a negative image of a black female, or an image of a black female that tends to underline her sexuality. The role and images of black female rappers in American rap music industry Speaking about black female rappers, it should be pointed out that their role and the impact on the development of the culture of African Americans and American culture at large should not be underestimated.Regardless the fact that many of black female rappers were created due to the male rappers they still contributed to the progress of rap music industry and introduced something new and founded a basis for further development of rap music among black females on the professional level. The development of black female rappers as a strong power in rap music and culture has started in 1980s and nowadays it is still popular and interesting.Black female rappers may be viewed differently but their importance for music and culture cannot be denied. At this respect it should be pointed out that many cultural and music critics â€Å"praise rap’s role as an educational tool, point out that black women rappers are examples of aggressive pro-women lyricists in popular music, and defend rap’s ghetto stories as real life reflections that should draw attention to the burning of racism and economic oppression, rather than to question of obscenity† (Rose 1994, 1).At the same time, on analyzing the development of black female rappers, it should be said there could be clearly defined two main trends, which have been typical for black female rappers since 1980s. Initially, black female rappers had to â€Å"wear the same clothes as men, curse with the same intonation, and adopt a harsh mentality that didn’t place much value on feminine instincts† (Nelson 1998, 188) that was actually a natural consequence of male domination in rap music and culture at large. On the other hand, later a new trend has become popular. Black females broke ground using sex or feminine image which was deliberately underlined. As Nelson George points out, â€Å"most commercially successful female group (and one of rap’s bestselling act of any gender) began as slightly chubby B-girls who have evolved into glamour girls, and have been talking about sex since 1986† (1998, 185). Quite noteworthy is the fact that many female rappers used similar themes in their songs.Nonetheless, it is impossible to objectively evaluate the role of black female rappers without analysis of the work of the most outstanding black female rappers. One of the most popular and well known black female rappers, whose contribution in the development of rap music is undoubted, is Dana Owens, better known as Queen Latifah. By the way her adapted Arabic name Latifah is quite symbolic and means ‘beautiful’, ‘sensitive’, ‘kind’. She became popular in 1989 with her hit single â€Å"Ladies First†.According to Monica Lynch, the Tommy Boy executive who put Latifah on, the song â€Å"signaled the empowerment of a new breed of female MC’s† (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 52). In fact this song arrived quite in time because it came at a period in rap when many female rappers were just dissing one another but not doing the same to their sexist male counterparts. In such a situation her album â€Å"All Hail† was not a sort of an album traditional for black female rappers of that time but it was an album of a woman who was not afraid to confront sexist and disrespectful behavior.As the matter of fact, Queen Latifah has managed to put the right messages at the right time for, as many critics underlined, â€Å"the topic of empowerment for the ladies made a big impact on many socially, including capturing the attention of hip-hop journalists debating and documenting the female perspective† (Hip H op Divas 2001, 53). Moreover, her trend to underline female independence and equality often provoked discussions about her heterosexuality and often she was asked whether she was a gay or not.However, Queen Latifah was not very successful from commercial point of view for she has got only one gold record but financial side of the business was obviously not the most important in her contribution to the development of black female rap music. You read "African American Female Rappers History" in category "Papers" In fact she is an excellent example of positive female representation in rap music since her image is traditionally perceived as positive. As Treach said â€Å"she represents black women power. That’s why all the ladies were behind her whether they were rap fans or not† (Hip Hop Ladies 2001, 56).Unfortunately, Queen Latifah is a rare exception with her social and spiritual aims superior to financial ones which were basic for the vast majority of black female rappers later. Another significant personality among black female rappers is Sister Souljah. In fact she is a very gifted person who managed to apply her talent and knowledge in different fields though she is traditionally thought of as â€Å"a controversial American hip-hop generation author, activist, recording artist, and film producer† (Collins 2000, 221).Obviously her talent as a rapper was probably the most significant in her life. It was she who was the female voice of hip-hop formation Public Enemy and her first solo album 360 Degrees of Power was released in 1992. At the same time, it should be pointed out that she was really quite a controversial person, for instance, on commenting the Los Angeles riots, she said quite a provoking phrase: â€Å"If black people kill black people every day, why not have a week and kill white people? † (Collins 2000, 222).This statement, being severely criticized by the President Bill Clinton, inspired the creation of the first Sister Souljah moment. However, in late 1990s she basically focused on her literary career and published her autobiography â€Å"No Disrespect† (1995) and the novel â€Å"The Coldest Winter Ever† (1999). Nonetheless, in her work both as a rapper and as a writer she raised disturbing problems of racial inequality, which sometimes simply overshadow another problem the problem of equality and ruin of stereotypes concerning black femal es.Nonetheless, Sister Souljah represents relatively new generation of black female rappers while there is a very important figure in the black female movement, which produced a very serious impact on the development of rap music at large and its female branch in particular, and she is MC Lyte. Actually she is one of the major black female rappers. Moreover, she was the first who received the gold album. She started her music career very early when she was only 12 and soon after that she signed a contract with First Priority that was obviously a great success for a young African American girl.Naturally she continued her career and she released her debut album Lyte as a Rock in 1988 when she was 17 only. It was really a great success but what was really important for her and for black female rappers was the fact that it was a good example for other black female rappers to follow. At the same time, there was also a great danger in it because in such an age she could hardly realise the importance of the message she gave to the audience while her commercial success was not less significant than her success as a rapper.The years to follow she managed to make a guest appearance on a remix of Sinead O’Connor’s â€Å"I wants your hands on me†, which became a dance hit. In 1990s she continued to release her albums. It is quite noteworthy that she collaborated with other black female rappers such as Missy Elliott â€Å"Cold Rock a Party†. Naturally, her work and her success could not remain unmarked and in December 2004 she was inducted as an honorary member into Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority Inc. In such a way, MC Lyte contributed greatly to the development of black female rappers and achieved great results at the very young age.As for her collaborator, Missy Elliott, she was also a very significant personality in the black female rapper music. Actually, she is one of the first female hip hop superstars. Among her hits may be named â€Å"The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)†, â€Å"She’s a Bitch†, â€Å"Get UR Freak On†, â€Å"Lose Control†, and â€Å"Work It†. Quite remarkably she started as a singer and songwriter in an Ramp;B group called Sista though it should be emphasized that her friend Timothy â€Å"DJ Timmy Tim†, the producer of her group produce d a significant impact on her creative work and her image. Then she continued her career cooperating with Swing Mob, and later Timbaland.Elliot and Timbaland crafted hit singles for a number of artists between 1995-1997. As a solo rapper, Elliott began her career as a featured vocalist on Gina Thompson’s â€Å"The Things You Do† and MC Lyte’s 1996 single â€Å"Cold Rock a Party†. Her debut album was released in 1997, was Supa Dupa Fly, a blockbuster hit that established Missy Ellitott as a major force in popular music. It is very important that Supa Dupa Fly was accepted positively by critics though some critics commented that â€Å"the album tracks, some of which sampled Missy/Mosley hits such as â€Å"Can We† and â€Å"One in a Million†, were far inferior to the singles† (Sexton 1995, 257). 997 was marked by Elliott perform on Lil Kim’s girl-power anthem, a hit remix of her song, â€Å"Not Tonight† that obviously underlined her music work as a black female rapper. The next yea r, she continued her successful music career by writing and producing Total’s single â€Å"Trippin†. Missy Elliott’s second album, Da Real World (1999) was just as successful as the first as well as Miss E†¦ So Addictive in 2001.In fact she is very productive and among the albums which were successful may be also named Under Construction (2002), This Is Not a Test (2003), The Cookbook (2005) and she still remains to be popular so that â€Å"Missy Elliott is still as widely recognized and respected by her peers, mainstream, and underground as ever† (Cheney 2005, 410). Moreover, her achievements and success were rewarded and in November 2005, Missy Elliott won Best Female Hip Hop Artist at the 2005 American Music Awards, defeating, by the way, Lil Kim, another famous black female rapper.However, her success was great, but the quality of her work was probably sacrificed for the sake of commercial success. In such a way commerce has started to prevail over the message the black female rapper, namely Missy Elliott, conveyed to the audience. This trend has become even more obvious in the creative work of Lil Kim who was probably the most commercially successful of all females in the rap industry. On the other hand, Lil Kim was the best at selling the sex image. It is very important to underline that she was introduced to the hip-hop community via the all-male crew Junior Mafia and â€Å"with a successful introduction in place and her mentor/lover The Notorious B. I. G. right behind her, Kim locked down the rap world from many (female) competitors for a very long time† (Evans 1994, 216). On analyzing her work, it is easy to realize that Lil Kim exploited sexuality to create an image of sweetheart that was to a significant extent the result of her personal need to be loved. It is a well-known fact that Kim left home too soon and this is why she had to hustle men in order to support herself. ’At that time I always had a man to take care of me’ she remembers. ‘Sometimes, if I thought I could get some money out of a guy, I’d sleep with. And I got kinda caught in that mentality’† (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 133). Soon she starts â€Å"transporting drugs lives to boyfriend to boyfriend, learning hard lessons, getting betrayed† (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 133). Naturally all these facts from her biography reflected in her creative work and her image where sexuality was particularly significant, while morality obviously played a secondary role after commercial success.Despite this fact, she was very popular and her debut on Junior Mafia’s â€Å"Player’s Anthem† left many rap fans captivated with her raw style and lyrical abilities. When her first album was released she was characterised as â€Å"the dopest female MC that’s coming out ever† (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 134). It is very important that, being an outstanding black female rapper, Lil Kim was supported by her boyfriend and male rapper B iggie who gave her a lot of help, though mainly at the beginning of her career. But even though his role has started to decline, when the real success has come, the death of Biggie produced a very serious impact on her creative work and she delayed the release of her second album The Notorious for three years. These facts underline the role of male in the progress of black female rappers career and the emphasis on sexuality in Lil Kim’s career and her image are extremely contrasting to what Queen Latifah’s promotion of black female independence and freedom from stereotypes.Nonetheless, Lil Kim is unique and there has been no female solo artists before as successful as Kim in being raw and doing exactly what male rappers have done to be successful. At the same time, she revealed that black female rappers tend to give the audience the image which is to a significant extent stereotyped and black female independence promoted in 1980s is gradually replaced by striving for commercial success by all means.In such a way, black female rappers being signific antly similar to each other possess their unique characteristics and in general they played an important role in the development of rap music though their image as well as the message they convey to the audience were and remain to be quite controversial. Feminist’s discourse in rap music To fully realise the controversial character of black female rappers it is necessary to analyse in details their messages and their feminist’s discourse, which they represent in their creative work.In fact there may be singled out two main trends in the image and style of black female rappers. On the one hand, there are female rappers which attempt to imitate their male counterparts they just tend to be like male rappers, wearing similar clothes, using similar language and style. On the other hand, there are black female rappers which are sometimes defined as a ‘fly-girl’ leading a very sexually active lifestyle and promoting this image, which becomes their second nature, to the audience. Among such black female rappers may be named MC Lyte and Lil Kim.It should be underlined that often, especially in 1980s, black female rappers were playing in the sexist arena but the promotion of a black female as an independent female who can live her own way without male’s influence and support was quite rare and sometimes resulted in discussions concerning sexual orientation of a rapper as it was in the case of Queen Latifah described above. In contrast, many black female rappers were often harsher to one another than to male rappers that naturally did not contrib uted to the promotion of a positive image of black female rappers at large.Furthermore, an important role for black female rappers played the female audience because, as one of the rappers singled out â€Å"women will be your worst critics, but also your biggest fans. The first group of people you gotta get are the women. You can’t do that by dissing’em, and you can’t do it by threatening them† (Hip Hop Divas 2001, 34). In such a situation, it was strategically important to gain respect and popularity among female audience first that cannot be fully done by black female rappers through dissing one another.These were the trends that were typical for 1980s though present in 1990s but what has really become the main trend during 1990s was the increased role of commercial success, which overshadowed all other aspects of black female rappers creative work. In such a situation â€Å"’get rich’ mentality that has begun to dominate rap music, many artists lose consciousness of the art and will sell garbage in exchange for money† (Collins 2000, 348). Unfortunately, many black female rappers simply forgot what their life was like before success had come.As a result the negative image of black female image was promoted by black female rappers and the situation has hardly changed since 1980s when the black female rappers movement got started to be particularly significant. Moreover, in 1990s the situation became even worse. The primary concern they were contributing to and continue to do so is making money regardless moral aspects, ideas and messages they convey to their audience through their work and their image.Such a situation is particularly dramatic because many black female rappers exploit sexuality and sexual image and often these females â€Å"possess good rhyming skills that were hidden behind pornographic talk because this is what their mentors were producing† (Evans 1994, 303). Furthermore, the negative image that is promoted is not the only drawback of black female rappers concerning feminism and emancipation of black female in American society and culture.The fact, which has already been underlined above, that many of them started at a very young age resulted in the lack of consciousness of their mission as representatives of pop music, of art and primarily as representatives of probably the most deprived part of American society black females which, in order to be really independe nt and equal to other members of society, have to use all opportunities to promote their positive image, not negative one.Naturally as teenagers, these young black female rappers were mainly concerned with the money they were making than with the image they were portraying and they could hardly be aware of black feminist movement or womanist ideology. At the same time it was quite natural that their discourse and the message they send to their audience was significantly influenced by surrounding reality and mass culture, which, as it has been already emphasized, were full of stereotypes and there were a lot of prejudices concerning black female and their image.Moreover,, being too young, they could not think absolutely independently. This is why they tended to create the image the audience traditionally expected from them such as exaggerated sexuality and basically negative image. In such a situation there remained little or even no room for feminist ideology and wider representation of real black female image, which was significantly different from stereotyped view on them.In other words, they did not fully realise the opportunity to change public opinion in relation to black females, on the contrary they only reinforced the negative image mistakenly perceived by the vast majority of the audience as traditional and typical for black females. Probably because of their age they could not act otherwise but at the same time it is necessary to realise that such a situation has not gone to the past.Moreover, now the black female rappers’ discourse tends to be far from what may be treated as really feminist discourse oriented on the protection and promotion of rights of black females, in contrast sexuality and servile emphasis on the audience’s stereotypes are promoted and what is even worse new black female rappers choose such an image and use similar discourse over and over again. As a result portraying controlling images, being ruinous for black female rappers as representatives of black feminist movement, are getting to be more and more popular and widely spread nowadays.The dominant sexual and racial ideologies in American culture A logical question that arises, when the situation with black female rappers is analyzed, is the question concerning the reasons of such a discourse which obviously lacks feminists promotion and is rather subordinated to stereotypes. In addition to the reasons mentioned in previous chapter, it should be said that black female rappers willingly or not are a part of American culture and consequently they are subordinated to the dominant ideologies which are accepted by the vast majority of American society and which, in fact, they should change but currently they fail to.It is an undeniable fact that the dominant sexual and racial ideologies in American culture are very discriminating in relation to black females and consequently black female rappers had to obey to these ideologies in order to gain popularity of the possibly wider audience but, on the other hand, it is necessary to realize that by doing so they can hardly gain real respect neither the audience at large nor black females in particular.Speaking about the dominant ideologies it is necessary to clearly realize that they are developed and belong to white males and the changes that got started in American society are too slow to change the dominant ideo logy somehow. Naturally, in such a situation, black female rappers has a little choice to do and their choice in favor of popularity, even though it weakens dramatically black female movement, is quite pragmatic and natural.It is noteworthy to refer to George Nelson who estimated that â€Å"for much of hip-hop’s history, it has been a truism that the male rap consumer, white and black, simply won’t accept females† (1998, 185). In fact rap has always been considered a private and male dominant space. This is why at the beginning it was extremely difficult for black female rappers to gain success and the breakthrough made in mid-1980s was particularly significant. Remarkably, this breakthrough coincided with the work of such a black female rapper as Queen Latifah who was probably the most eager rapper who strived for promotion of an image of a black female different from standardized and this image was obviously very successful for her as an artist but not in commercial aspect. However, such a position of Queen Latifah and to a certain extent similar to her MC Lyte led to their severe critique and â€Å"it is significant that the females who get the most respect in hip-hop’s primarily male domain – Queen Latifah and MC Lyte – are relentlessly dogged by rumors that they are lesbians.Whether these rumors are true or not, the message is evident: a female can’t be tough or strong or clear or exceptionally skillful at hip-hop unless she has sacrificed the thing that makes her a ‘real girl’† (Smith 1995, 127). Furthermore, as Tricia Rose estimates, such female rappers often â€Å"felt that they were b eing used as a political baton to beat male rappers over the head, rather than being affirmed as women who could open up public dialogue to interrogate sexism and its effect on young black women† (1994, 150).Naturally, it is impossible to speak about equality and independence of black female rappers and their creative work since, being few compared to the mass of male rappers, they could hardly change stereotypes and dominant ideologies in a day, a year or even a decade because as a rule they have been viewed as â€Å"interlopers – either butchy anomalies or cute novelties who by some fluke infiltrated a boy’s game† (Light 1999, 177).On facing such a resistance, from the part of the mass audience influenced by the dominant sexual and racial ideologies in American culture black female rappers, as one of them Kid-N-Play said, â€Å"have to work twice as hard [as males] to get half the credit† (Rose 1994, 146). As a result, it is not surprising that ma ny black female rappers are harsher to one another than to male rappers that may be also explained by low number of black female rappers compared to males and by their intention to please the predominantly male audience for the sake of commercial success. This often led to limiting female rap songs to verbal ‘catfights’ and the typical ‘battle of the sexes’, especially in 1980s. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that since 1980s there have been two main ways on which black female rappers could achieve success. On the one hand, there is the ‘I am as tough and as good just as the next ‘man’ role but very few black female rappers have chosen this way to success, though those who have chosen it are the most respected.On the other hand, there is an alternative that the majority of black female rappers have chosen and nowadays it gets to be more and more popular, is simply to sell sexual images that is not surprising because it is acceptable by the dominating male ideology in the industry for â€Å"that sex sells is the first axiom of advertising, and sexual ads are everywhere. And in order to titillate a sexually jaded society, you have to push the boundaries. You have to be a bit more braz en than the last hot little number, a little more ‘edgy’† (Burford et al. 999, 72) and this is exactly what many of black female rappers are currently doing to be successful. Unfortunately, the dominant sexual and racial ideologies in American culture result in the situation when â€Å"portraying African-American women as stereotypical mummies, matriarchs, welfare recipients, and hot mommas helps justify US black women’s oppression†¦ These controlling images are designed to make racism, sexism, poverty, and other forms of social injustice appear to be natural, normal, and inevitable parts of everyday life† (Collins 2000, 70).Moreover, often black female rappers are portrayed as ‘hootchies’ since men allowed many of them to rap. ‘Hootchies’ is a term used by Joan Morgan in her book â€Å"When Chickenheads Come Home to Roost† (2000) and it signifies women who use sex to get what they want from men. An example of such a type of black female rappers is Lil Kim.Consequently, the controlling image of black females becomes more and more widely spread and in general it is influenced by the dominant sexual and r acial ideologies in which males play the main role and the desire to achieve commercial success force black females to create images the most attractive for the wide audience but unfortunately it results in the creation of an extremely negative image of black female that is very dangerous for the progress of black feminist movement.Conclusion: the future of black females in American rap music Thus, taking into considerations all above mentioned, it is possible to presuppose the future of black females in American culture at large and rap music in particular. The recent trends in the development of black female rap are quite disturbing, particularly an unparalleled commercialization of the industry, but it is necessary to point out that the similar trends are typical not only for females but for males as well as for other industries of pop culture. Nonetheless, this trend is basically the result of male dominated ideology that makes the progress of black female rappers not as effective as it could be. Furthermore, the perspective development of black female rap music would probably enhance this trend that would naturally lead to further exploitation of sexual images that would not improve the general image of black females which is now rather negative, according to the current images of black female rappers.On the other hand, there is still some room for hope to change the negative image of black females would eventually vanish due to the creation of new image of a real black female which has nothing in common that conservative and stereotypical dominant male ideologies tend to promote. Fortunately, this presupposition is not purely hypothetical but, on the contrary, it is quite realizable and the growing number of black female rappers is significant evidence in favor of such a perspective.It is quite logical to presuppose that eventually quantity will be transformed into quantity and instead of the current discourse; black female will focus on such things as morality, females’ rights, freedom of standardized stereotypes and real independence. How to cite African American Female Rappers History, Papers

The Main Financial Systems

Questions: 1: Explanation of the main financial statement of a business? 2: Comparison of the financial statement of Sole trader and Public limited company? 3: Interpretation of financial statements using ratios? Answers: Introduction The paper provides an overview of the main financial systems that are produced by the business. A comparison of the financial statement of a sole trader and a public limited company has been provided. A comparison of the financial statements using financial ratios has been conducted (Fridson and Alvarez, 2002). 1: Explanation of the main financial statement of a business The major financial statements that are produced by a business are discussed below. 1. Balance sheet The financial position is interpreted by the Balance sheet. It has the following components. Assets: The assets are entities that are owned by the business. It includes plant and machinery, land and building, inventory. Liabilities: The liabilities are the entities that a business owes to someone. It includes bank, loan, and creditors. Equity: It represents what the business owes to the owners. The difference between assets and liabilities are represented by equity. 2. Income statement The financial performance of the organization is represented by the Income statement. It comprises of the following components. Income: The earnings of the business over the period of time are represented by the income statement. It includes dividend income, sales revenue. Expenses: The costs that are incurred by the business over the period of time is represented by the expenses. It includes wages, salaries and depreciation. 3. Cash Flow statement The movement of cash and the bank balances over the period of time is represented by the cash flow statement. It comprises of the following segments which are investing activities, financing activities and operating activities. 4. Statement of the changes in Equity The movement of the owners equity over a period of time is represented by the statement (Houmes and Chira, 2015). 2: Comparison of the financial statement of Sole trader and Public limited company The business of a sole trader is fairly small and it is easy to understand the financial statements of a sole trader. The public limited company is a legal entity that is separate from owners. The owners of the organization are referred to as the share holders. The balance sheet of a sole trader has a capital account while the balance sheet of a public limited company has a capital and reserves section. The sole traders start their business with the personal capital. The sole trader with draws the money from the business for personal reasons. This is deducted from the capital account and it is shown in the drawings section of the balance sheet. The balance sheet of a public limited has various sources of capital. The shareholders funds are shown in the liability side which is not shown in the balance sheet of the sole trader. The shareholders of a public limited company are paid dividend. This is shown in the section of current liabilities while there is no such amount shown in the balance sheet of limited company. The financial statement of a sole trader does not follow any Companys Act while the financial statement of public limited company is based on the Companys Act (Nissim and Penman, n.d.). 3: Interpretation of financial statements using ratios Gross profit margin Manufacturing Wholesale Gross profit margin 25% 47% Gross Profit 10,400.00 12,430.00 Sales 40,870.00 26,540.00 The gross profit margin for the manufacturing company is 25% while it is 47% for the wholesale business. The gross profit margin indicates the ability of the company to draw profit from the total sales. The gross profit margin for manufacturing firm is lower than that of the whole sale business. Net profit margin Manufacturing Wholesale Net profit margin 14% 11% Net Profit 5,850.00 2,950.00 Sales 40,870.00 26,540.00 The net profit margin indicates the ability of the company to earn profit from the sales after deduction of the expenses. The net profit margin for the manufacturing company is 14% while the net profit margin for whole sale company is 11%. The net profit margin of the whole sale company is lower than the manufacturing company as the expenses of the whole sale company is higher than the manufacturing company. Current ratio Manufacturing Wholesale Current Ratio 1.287179487 1.71864407 Current Assets 2510 5070 Current Liabilities 1950 2950 The current ratio represents the ability of the company to repay its short term obligations. The current ratio for manufacturing firm is 1.28:1 and the current ratio for Whole sale is 1.71:1. The ideal current ratio is estimated to be 2:1. It is seen that both the companies are able to meet their short term obligations. Quick ratio Manufacturing Wholesale Quick Ratio 0.046153846 0.91525424 Current assets 2510 5070 Inventory 2420 2370 Current liabilities 1950 2950 The quick ratio represents the ability of company to repay its short term obligations without using the inventory. The repayment of the liabilities is done by liquid cash. It is seen that the quick ratio for the manufacturing and the whole sale business are quite low. However the quick ratio for the manufacturing firm is much lower than the whole sale business. Gearing ratio Manufacturing Wholesale Gearing ratio 40% 37% Long term Liabilities 2000 3170 Capital employed 5000 8670 Gearing ratio 40% 37% The gearing ratio for manufacturing sector is 40% while that of whole sale is 37% (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2012). Conclusion The paper has highlighted the major financial statement. They are the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and changes inequity. A comparison of the financial performance of the two companies by ratio analysis has been done. References Fridson, M. and Alvarez, F. (2002).Financial statement analysis. New York: John Wiley Sons. Houmes, R. and Chira, I. (2015). The effect of ownership structure on the price earnings ratio returns anomaly.International Review of Financial Analysis, 37, pp.140-147. Nissim, D. and Penman, S. (n.d.). Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation.SSRN Journal. Peterson Drake, P. and Fabozzi, F. (2012).Analysis of financial statements. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Bag of Bones essays

Bag of Bones essays Bag of Bones is the best book Stephen King has written in years. As shocking as Carrie, as mysterious and menacing as The Shining, as funny and honest about writers as Misery, as evocative of place as his record-setting bestseller The Green Mile, this is a horror novel steeped in all the finest qualities of our favorite Stephen King stories. And yet it is also a bold step beyond, toward a more mature vision of marriage, sex, loss, family-and, especially, evil. Narrator Mike Noonan is a best-selling writer of romantic thrillers-"V.C. Andrews with a prick," as he ruefully puts it. Plagued by nightmares and writer's block following the sudden death of his wife, Mike escapes to their lakeside summer house, known as Sara Laughs. But this is King territory, and Mike's beloved Yankee town has its dark side. A century ago, a group of local men murdered a black blues singer and her family. The killers' heirs have paid the price ever since. But this is only one of the buried secrets Mike unearths. The community is held in the grip of Max Devore, a powerful millionaire with a wicked past. Devore is obsessed with taking away his granddaughter, Kyra, from her young widowed mother, Mattie. As Mike falls in love with Mattie and comes to adore Kyra, he has to decode the warnings that only he and the child are receiving-from ghosts. He must do all these things, or the killing won't stop. It would be unfair to reveal any more of King's story, a complex web of relationships, rivalries, and revenge. Refrigerator magnets that spell out warnings and a spooky trip back in time to a country fair are just the beginning of a long and scary ride. By the end, King has given you a larger sense of the interrelatedness of past and present-and of the wages of sin. Bag of Bones, then, is the author at his best, and something more. ...

Herakles Fighting Two Amazon Warriors essays

Herakles Fighting Two Amazon Warriors essays During the time in Ancient Greece, pottery was an important part of life and society. The making and painting of the pottery was a major art in classical Greece. These potters worked as professional craftsmen in family groups and were considered in high esteem in cities like Corinth and Athens. Most researchers say that the children in the family grew up learning the craft of pottery ((1) Online). Through the lifestyle that these Ancient Greeks portrayed, it was only plausible to see the young one of the family being involved at such an early age in turning the wheel of pottery. In Greek Painted Pottery, the author clearly illustrates the process that an individual potter undergoes in order to create an art form. First the potter would dig his clay locally, next he would wash it, meaning that he would mix it with water, then the clay would be kneaded, and after that process it would be ready to be set on the potters wheel, and each distinct form had a name and a specific function in Greek society and ceremonial. (Cook 242). Additionally, in the 6th century, Attic potters introduced black-figure ware. They painted black forms covered the red clay pots, with detail rendered by incising through the black. White and reddish-purple were added for skin and garments. Depictions of processions and chariots continued; animals and hybrid beasts were also shown, at times surrounded by geometric or vegetal motifs. Decorations on the vessels were always well integrated with the vessel shapes, and the iconography of Greek mythology can be identified. The decoration stressed humans far more than animals. Favorite themes included people and gods at work, battle, and banquet; weddings and other ceremonies; and woman at play or dressing. In some cases, events or heroes were labeled ((4) Online). Mythological and literary scenes became more frequent. Potters and painters names and styles were identified, even when ...

SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS ENVIRONMENT INCLUSION Research Paper

SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS ENVIRONMENT INCLUSION - Research Paper Example hat which makes one breathe, or to that in life worth breathing for. Spirituality is interpreted variously, depending on concerns, expectations, and experiences. For many, the spiritual domain is equated with a specific religious tradition or practice; for some, spirituality is a private experience of connection to some unifying and universal presence; and for others, it is tantamount to a profound sentiment of peace and contentment. For some they are uncomfortable with the parlance of spirituality (faith, belief, soul, God). Soet and Martin (2007) report that spirituality has received increasing attention as an area to be considered in counseling and college student development. But little has been written about specific interventions to address college students' spiritual needs.† (Strange, 2001 p.58) 3 In â€Å"Taking Religious Pluralism Seriously: Spiritual Politics on America's Sacred,† Barbara A. ... one poll, are not part of any religious tradition at all." (McGraw & Formicola, 2005, p.ix) 3 In 2002, the UCLA’s Higher Education Research Institute initiated a main, multi-year program of research to study the spiritual development of undergraduate students during the college years. The Astin, Astin, & Lindholm study (2010) was intended to increase the understanding of how college students consider the spirituality, the role it plays in their lives, and how colleges and universities can be more effective in facilitating students’ spiritual development. (Astin, et al., 2010, p.1) Among the primary research questions were: 4 â€Å"What role does spirituality play in the lives of today’s college students?† 4 â€Å"How do students’ spiritual qualities change during the college years?† 4 â€Å"What are institutions doing that aids or inhibits students in their spiritual quest?† (Astin, et al., 2010, p.1) 4 According to the Spirituality we bsite of the UCLA, the school found that students showed the maximum degree of growth in the five spiritual qualities if they are enthusiastically engaged in â€Å"inner work† through self-reflection, observation, or contemplation. Students also showed significant increases in interest in the spiritual quest when their faculty practiced inclusionary policies. 4 â€Å"Religious Engagement, an ‘external’ measure which represents the behavioral equivalent to Religious Commitment, includes behaviors such as presence religious services, praying, religious singing/chanting, and reading sacred books. Attendance at religious services shows a sharp down turn during college, while other forms of engagement show alike but slighter declines. Over the third of the students (39%) attend services less repeatedly in university than they did in high

A Life-Changing Moment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Life-Changing Moment - Essay Example It can be so huge to the extent of altering many lives and at the same time it can be so minute and unnoticeable; it can be effected over a period of time or in one single moment. In my case, change occurred in my life in one moment. The kind of life that I was used to was every child’s dream. I was used to the high life as my parents were well-off. My dad attended school in his youth and attained a degree in business management. Moreover, he even went farther and attained a master’s in the same field. This was late in the 1980s. With this kind of credentials, my father was a force to reckon with in the business world. His businesses were successful; he had a big house and a good family; he basically had everything going for him. My mother, on the other hand, was a medic. She was a fully trained and qualified doctor and her expertise in the field enabled her to begin her own practice. Michael’s was a household name in the state because of how they were flourishin g. We were 4 siblings and I was the last born in the family. Like any other last born, I was the spoiled one. Everything that I wanted, I was always given. I was the envy of my siblings as I was the perfect child. I never got in to trouble with my parents and we never engaged in any kind of feud. One day, I went about my normal routine preparing myself for school. In totality, it was a normal school day. After leaving the house, the driver routinely dropped my elder siblings to school and then went ahead to drive me to school. As I watched the outside through the window, everything was normal in the city. People were going about their businesses as usual. We all did not know the danger that awaited to befall the city in the next few moments. It could have never crossed my mind that such a catastrophe was going to happen, especially to the city. In just a fraction of time, the peace that traversed through the city was suddenly replaced by chaos and discomfort. Everyone was running fo r their lives; the traffic was chaotic. The big explosion that was succeeded by a short tremor sent rubble flying. Cars collided while others run in to the footpaths, trying to evade the rubble flying from the sky. All this was happening too fast. I was in so much shock that I couldn’t feel any kind of sensation. I was numb. The driver was trying to steer the car to safety, but suddenly everything went blur. For a few seconds all that ran through my mind was death; I could hear nothing but a shear piercing sound in my ears. When I came forth, I could smell fuel and smoke. I tried to tell the driver to get out of the car so we could run for safety, but it was too late: he was gone. I shook him hoping against the odds that I’d bring back the life to him, but it was too late. I had to save my own life. I had hit my forehead and blood was trickling down my left eye. I was staggering my way to safety. I did not have the energy in me but knew I had to do it to save my life. I became too drowsy and fell down. In my head, I knew that that was the moment. I was exhaling my last breath and bidding good-bye to the life I so cherished. In my moment of despair, I saw medics running towards me. At that moment, my heart was at rest; I knew I was safe. The last thing I remember was staring at the ambulance and passing out. I was not sure of the time when I fainted. When I came forth, I was on bed. It was not a hospital bed. I heaved a sigh of relief because I knew that I was home. I

Theories of Constructivism and Rational Choice Essay

Theories of Constructivism and Rational Choice - Essay Example This essay stresses that in both constructivism and rationalism, a lot of attention is paid to the interaction between the individual and the social structure but the notion is viewed from different lenses by the school of the thoughts. Constructivism has also tended to give more attention to the traditions and mutual understandings of legitimate behavior. On the other hand, this comes into clash with the perceptions propagated by rationalists who believe that the actors try to do the right thing rather instead of working for and reaping the most benefits from their given set of preferences. Constructivists do not give preference to structure over an agency or vice versa. However, this theory does not accept the notion of individualism which is widely accepted by rationalizing theorists. Constructivists have presented arguments against the individualistic ontology of rationalizing theorists; instead, constructivism has placed stress on social ontology. As the report highlights the aim of positivist theories is to imitate and reproduce in a similar form the procedures undertaken by natural sciences. This is done by reflecting upon and evaluating the effect of material sciences. Positivist theories are characterized by their capacity to take into account various features of international relations like the nature of interactions amongst states, the size of the army put into order by governments, the clash and balance of the authorities and the control of the states. On the same hand, the role of post-positivist epistemology comes into limelight. This epistemology refutes the notion that the social world can be investigated and studies upon for the purpose of gaining more insight into the dynamics of international relations by taking an  unbiased and value-free  approach. The concepts of neo-liberalism and neo-realism, as promoted by a number of theorists, are not granted credibility and substance for study of the social world. Th is follows that the rational choice theory and other theories that fall under the category of neo-liberalism and neo-realism are not a viable approach for knowing more about the social world in an academic way. Post-positivist epistemology  regards that these theories are not applicable for this purpose because the scientific method cannot be used for analyzing the interactions being carried out in social setups, and therefore a science relating to the international relations can never be established. One of the main differences between the two sets of theories is that while positivist theories, like neo-realism, present simple explanations, e.g. the rationales as for why and how power is to be used; post-positivist theories instead center on constitutive questions, like what exactly is meant by power, what builds it up, how it is experienced and reproduced. The rational choice theory   Evolution of Rational Choice Theory The rational choice theory is based on the views and conc epts of a man named Cesare Beccaria from the 1700s. Cruelty and harsh punishments were common in the period of the nineteenth century but Beccaria’s dedication to the field aided in eliminating such unjust practices. He believed

Processes of Policy Making

Processes of Policy Making Cherry Amor B. Dawal Policy making process: In running a healthcare organization it is very important to have a well comprehensive written policies, by way of making a policy it has to undergo stages and these stages formulated is very important in its own way to contribute for the success and profitable organization. Stages: Problem identification and agenda setting-It is the first step in policy making process.Problem identification is the first hand information to formulate a certain policy to be make. These certain issues should be in link to the long term goal or plan of the organization which address to policy creation. Formulation of a policy must be in accordance to the problem presented. This will help to identify a rule that can be suited to one particular situation or problem.Since the organization from the start has already a policy that already exist in this situation and problem arises and identified, that existing policy must to undergo for analysis whether there is a need to re visit and even revision of the policy. A thorough research,consultation,and collection of appropriate solicited idea is very much needed to come up with a good policy that would suit for its purpose.Ideas,opinion should be critically analyzed and must be fit for what is needed and would be able to solve the identifi ed problem,.Selection and suitability of the policy is very important inorder to serve its purpose for the task, minor problem should be with minor policy and major problems identified should be fit with major policies,so there will be no overlapping of ideas and what is more important is, both ways be therefore help to what is the cause and goal of the organization. Policy formation- This stage follow after the problem has already been identified.Main problem should be specifically address.Organization of the policy process  must take place. Every detailed situation must be given importance so it would help to make and sum up with pieces of ideas in the policy making.Formulation of accurate thoughts is very important to come up with a good product of the policy. Ideas must expressed well and a detailed situation analysis is necessary. Formulation must be tied up with organize process,policy structure must be identified so to come up with objectives and its component. Parties that need involvement in the process must be also identified,and all the ways and means of the resources and how it can be achieved. Ability to create thoughts and ideas and the availability are the primary criteria of the parties invloved,there should be no conflicting interest. Strategies must be in of great consideration for the achievement of goals.Open for suggestive ideas that may contribute for the bettermen of the said formulation of the policy.Draft text of the policy should then be visible and it must be in accordance to the set objectives.It can be done in only small group of people who are earlier involved in the process. These draft document should be out then and have circulation in the different agencies of the government particularly the ministry of health, this circulation must be open for comments.after wide consultation is done,both of the public and the private sectors,there should be revision based on the comments presented, then it will be finalized.Formulation stage is a critical stage for consolidation od ideas is very important these ideas should be analyzed well, and it is in the cooperation of both the public and private sectors involvement to come up with an acceptable policy. Adoption- is a universal acceptance of an idea,rules,and policies.It is in a state of acceptance both in the private and public sector.It has to undergo a certain process before it can be acknowlege by the society. Adoption in the sense that it is for the good of all and not on those selected group of people in the society, before an adoption may take place endorsement from government agencies and several private sectors is needed by then it can be known and introduce to the public. The endorsement should be facilitated in a formal way.In every country has its own way of policy adoption ,some may undergo for cabinet or parliament endorsement,the others remain on the administrative body that would serve to handle its implementation for the laws and regulations. Responsible for endorsement may depend on the nature of the policy whether it should cover national policy or just in one sector of the society.This stage of policy making is somewhat complicated as compare to the other stages since it involves approval and acceptance not just in one group of people but in consideration of almost all involve in the circulation and can be affected of the certain policy. This stage is being influenced by any factors that contribute since in the first phase of the agenda. In policy adoption media also play its role both in bias and unbiased circumstances, enhancement for the favorable reports and commentary, and undermine results for unfavorable comments and commentary. For national concern policy the President of the state has the sole authority and ability for the initiation, the congress and the parliament can also initiate but not with the same level of authority as what the president of the state has,local policies can be initiated by the governor and the mayor. Policy Implementation- it is the stage when the policy is being put into practice or applied. Implementation is the key to understand the complexity of the policy making process and its result. Implementation of policy must covered public administration aims and objectives. The process must affect for the social conditions and for the bettermen for all. In this generation policy implementation is not an easy task implementing agency on this stage of process has great influence, sometimes the concern is on their self interest and also to identify the effect of the policy and make any way for its improvement. For healthcare policy implementation it is the responsible government agency to implement,the task lies on them specifically it is the Ministry of Health one particular example is the Health insurance for senior citizen in the republic of the Philippines. There is a newly signed law or policy,approved by the president and it is a national agenda concern since it caters for filipin o citizen age 60 years old and above that is is not necessary for them to be a member of the Philippine health insurance system in order to avail benefits, but by just having their senior citizen card appropriate healthcare services will be given to them without cost and delay. Implementation is been effecrtive already as of this moment. There should be a master plan in ilme of polici implementation since this plan may serve as a guide for the aim and the set goals and objectives being set for the specific policy.Without implementation we cannot identify whether the policy is effective,need revision and no possible existence of idea without implementation.Agency responsible for the implementation should be responsible for monitoring as to whether the goals is being achieved or not. It should have to cover any existing means and way inorder to bring the policy for the respective recepients. Policy monitoring and Evaluation- this is the last stage of the policy making process.Monitoring is a process being done while the policy is being implemented. This is being done inorder to improve the policy design and to identify if revision of the policy is needed,also to determine if the policy is effective or not. Evaluation take place for the purpose of knowing the effect and the outcome of the policy after it has been implemented. Main concern also llies on the selection for the appropriate design policy in the future. It may give significance and assess the impact and extent of the policy whether it has served its purpose or not,is it the benefit of the policy is being distributed well. This process of policy making requires experts to do the task. The following should be in consideration during monitoring and evaluation process. A continous feedback is necessary and must be provided to know if the goals of the policy is being achieved. At an early stage of the process potent ial problems should be identify to provide any possible solutions. Efficiency of the policy should be monitor,to know whether improvement of the policy is needed or not. Evaluation has to consider either using one of its type. For program evaluation a formative evaluation should be use, which address for the purpose of improvement of the policy and aid in implementation. A summative evaluation is design for the purpose in identifying if the policy achieved its goals and purpose. Best policy monitoring and evaluation mostly uses a comprehensive approach which uses both of the techniques. Policy making process is not an easy taks for healthcare organizations.Equipped knowledge and dedication is a primary requirements in order to fulfill the task well and be able to serve its purpose.

Kachina/Katsina Doll :: essays research papers fc

We believe they (Kachina Dolls) are personifications of the katsina spirits, originally created by the katsinam in their physical embodiment. ..." - Alph H. Secakuku To understand the meaning of the kachina dolls, it is necessary to understand Hopi culture, because one does not exist without the other. It has been found that the Hopi's main ancestors were the Anasazi, a group of people who at about the time of Christ came to depend on agriculture. They represent various beings, from animals to clouds. They are believed to be in some form of hierarchy, a form of kingdom. Kachina dolls are depictions of masked men impersonating supernatural beings that predominate the Hopi, Zuni and Pueblo Spirit dances. These Spirits are believed to be descendants of a prehistoric people. They have lived in the Northern parts of New Mexico westward into Arizona near Flagstaff for some fifteen hundred years. To honor them they have many sacred dances throughout the year. The dolls which contain the kachina spirits are often given to children to remind them of their heritage and of their Gods. However, the Kachina Dolls are not just toys, but objects to be treasured and studied. Through these dolls they learn about Kachinas as part of their religious training and background. In Pueblo Indian religious practice, any of more than 500 divine ancestral spirits who act as intermediaries between man and god. They will allow themselves to be seen by the community if the men properly perform a traditional ritual while wearing kachina masks. The spirit painted or carved on the mask is thought to be actually present with the performer, temporarily transforming him into a Kachina spirit. The identity of the spirit is depicted not by the form of the doll, which is usually simple and flat, but primarily by the applied color and elaborate feather, leather, and, occasionally, fabric ornamentation of its mask. Also the identity of a true Kachina doll is depicted and then carved of cottonwood root. One of the purposes is to help bring the rain for the crops to grow and since the cottonwood is always found near water, the Kachinas are carved from it’s roots. The roots from which the dolls are carved are chosen with care, since they are seen to draw life and precious moisture from the earth. Very few dolls were carved out of a single piece of wood. The arms and legs and head were carved separately and glued to the torso.

It 236 Navigation Assignment

Point Navigation IT/236 Instructor †¦ by †¦ The purpose of this paper is to search for and identify examples of how we would like our site navigation to work and function. I have included three different web sites that all use a similar style of navigation which is the same style I would prefer to use with my site. Since their styles are practically the same, I could agree with or use either one of their styles on my site and be satisfied with the way it functioned and the outcome.The apple web site navigation bar, allows the user to click on the tab of interest when ever he/she desires, and go to that section of the site from which ever page they are currently on. And, it is not difficult for the user to know where they are currently browsing either, because the site shows you by changing the color of the tab you’re viewing. The site also has gorgeous images of its products without slow loading times, which allows navigation of the site at great speeds. The user can easily browse the site jumping from tab to tab.Next on the list of choice is, the World of Warcraft site, it may not be familiar to everyone, however it is in the same category of navigation styles that I’m interested in using for my site. Similar to the apple website navigation, is a series of linear icons that allow the user to click and select an area of interest to load that page from what ever page they are currently viewing. It doesn’t matter if they are on the home page or not. This is the Web-structure that I also plan to use for my site.And, as it is definitely needed, the developers of this site have made it easy for the user to identify their current location on the navigation bar so they do not have to question their current location, or ever feel as though they cannot accomplish something on the site because they are lost. Finally, is the Expedia web site, which is primarily used for booking flights and hotels, rental services, even cruise line vacations and more. One can easily view this web page once it’s been entered and executed in the browser’s address bar (sometimes this site naturally takes a bit longer to load).And upon arriving at the site they can, similarly to the other two sites, click on whichever tab they desire based on their traveling, vacation, or rental needs. Without complication the user is capable of viewing their current location and loading the desired web page from what ever location that may be, as it is not required to return to the home page each time the user wishes to view a new section/tab. To my knowledge, each of these three web sites uses the Web-structure for their sites. Meaning the user doesn’t view the site and its pages in a linear manner.They are free to browse however they wish. And in my opinion, this is probably one of the most effective ways for a site to be constructed. All in all, these three web sites that I chose to display the navigation style that I’m inter ested in, all use the same type of style. They allow the user to comfortably jump to which ever section of the web site that they desire, without any required starting points, and at the same time they keep the user informed of which page they are currently viewing. Image here Image here New Image here New Image here

Bal-A-Vis-X Program

Many of today's struggling students are falling through the cracks of our education system and are at risk of dropping out of school. The increased expectations of today's high standards force special education teachers to frequently seek effective research-based interventions to help these students to become successful. Bal-A-Vis-X is just one of such programs. The program founder claims the brain integration – movement-based learning program will increase a student's reading fluency, and comprehension by participating in the multi-level crossing of the midline exercises emphasizing on flow with rhythm. The basis of this research project is to validate the claim by incorporating the Bal-A-Vis-X program with students at Moore School in fourth, fifth and six-grade physical education class. Bal-A-Vis-X was developed by a teacher in Wichita, Kansas named Bill Hubert. Bill Hubert uses cognitive exercises which encompass the integration of balance, auditory, and vision exercises using racquetballs, balance boards, hand-sized sandbags and various complexity of rhythmic exercises. The exercises focus on rhythm, patterning, balance and visual teaming. The combination of 300 various exercises increase in complexity as the student masters the fundamental skills. The exercises can be reduced to accommodate the student with varying disabilities. The program is designed to help individuals who struggle with academics, post-traumatic stress, physical and social impairments. (Hubert, 2007)Bill Hubert suggest the lack of flow within a person can trigger the stressful occurrences which may cause the cognitive debilitation of an individual. (Hubert,2007). He further explains what he believes are the series of physical and developmental movement which occur and how this movement contributes to the cognitive aspects of the individual to perform a required task. The principals of the program are to introduce midline crossings in three dimensions which are designed to follow steady rhythm using the whole mind-body system creating the flow with in the student aligning the mind with the body. The idea is to listen to the rhythm of the sound of the balls bouncing or the sandbags being passed while simultaneously integrating patterned movement involving the whole body.The stress of academic performance can cause struggling students to display undesirable behaviors. When students struggle in school many behavior issues to avoid the task or to gain something to help them manage the task. This behavior coping mechanism is what inspired my research into the BAL-A-VIS-X program. Often special education teachers and interventionist are overwhelmed with the diversity of intervention programs offered to increase academic performance in students with learning disabilities and are struggling academically, developmentally, emotionally and socially. This program interests me as it was originally introduced to me by the adaptive physical education teacher form Central Montana Learning Resource Center. She explained the concept of the program. From there my research developed. I researched the resources I needed in order to purchase the products needed to implement the program with my students. Once I organized the pricing of the product, my next step was to request the funding from my superintendent. She was very interested in the program herself and has supported me in my quest. I obtained permission to teach the program to the select group in their weekly physical education class. This offered me the two fifteen-minute time slots to work with the students weekly for eighteen weeks. Our Learning Co-Op Center ‘s Adaptive Physical Education teacher shared she attended a training with a Resource teacher from Round Up Montana which was practicing using Bal-A-Vis-X with her students. She was fortunate enough to attend a training of the program from Bill Hubert, the founder of the program itself. I proceeded forward by inviting her to come observe, to give me some additional ideas and skills to help me implement the program effectively. She explained to teach Bal-A-Vis-X it is optimal to teach one on one over a group setting. However, under my time restraints, she shared it would be alright to continue with my research as a group setting. The stress of academic performance can cause struggling students to display undesirable behaviors. When students struggle in school many behavioral issues are to avoid the task or to gain something to help them manage the task. This behavior coping mechanism is what inspired my research into the BAL-A-VIS-X program. Currently, my professional peers use Brain Gym, Go Noodle or some form of conglomerating a self-designed movement curriculum in their classroom management techniques to diminish undesirable behaviors without addressing the underlying antecedent and trigger for the student's actions.Often Special Education teachers and interventionist are overwhelmed with the diversity of intervention programs offered to increase academic performance in students with learning disabilities and are struggling cognitively, developmentally, emotionally and socially. Trying to minimize which program is the most effective lies in the opinion of the teacher. In my personal observation in Moore school it is just getting students up and moving is the goal. As a Special Education teacher myself, I rely on resources presented at professional development conventions, multiple online resources, and peer networking opportunities to share what is working with which types of students with disabilities. Disabilities are as diverse as the resources and interventions offered to increase performance in students with deficits. Originally, this program was introduced to me by the adaptive physical education teacher form Central Montana Learning Resource Center. It piqued my interest as she explained the concept of the program. From there, my research developed. My main focus was not the scientific theory of the program, as in how and why the brain is functioning and operating through the implementation of the program, but my interest lies in merely, is it a highly effective intervention compared to similar kinesthetic based interventions. Basically, why would I use this particular intervention program compared to other similar programs available?The go to for interventions for Special Education teachers is the website What Works Clearinghouse. The information presented on this website shares.As the program was developing with the students I did not truly notice any improvements in flow or coordination until the thirteenth week. As my research is to collect data for reading fluency and comprehension, it was just an observation of mine in this area of balance and coordination.

A Quantum Computer... a future technology Essays - Quantum Computing

A Quantum Computer... a future technology Essays - Quantum Computing A Quantum Computer... a future technology Mike Damewood By the strange laws of quantum mechanics, Folger, a senior editor at Discover, notes, an electron, proton, or other subatomic particle is "in more than one place at a time," because individual particles behave like waves, these different places are different states that an atom can exist in simultaneously. Ten years ago, Folger writes, David Deutsch, a physicist at Oxford University, argued that it may be possible to build an extremely powerful computer based on this peculiar reality. In 1994, Peter Shor, a mathematician at AT&T Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, proved that, in theory at least, a full-blown quantum computer could factor even the largest numbers in secondsan accomplishment impossible for even the fastest conventional computer. An outbreak of theories and discussions of the possiblity of buildig a quantum computer now permeates itself thoughtout the quantum fields of technology and research. It's roots can be traced back to 1981, when Richard Feynman noted that physicists always seem to run into computational problems when they try to simulate a system in which quantum mechanics would take place. The caluclations involving the behavior of atoms, electrons, or photons, require an immense amount of time on today's computers. In 1985 in Oxford England the first description of how a quantum computer might work surfaced with David Deutsch's theories. The new device would not only be able to surpass today's computers in speed, but also could perform some logical operations that conventional ones couldn't. This reasearch began looking into actually constructing a device and with the go ahead and additional funding of ATPeter Shor made the discovery that quantum computation can greatly speed factoring of whole numbers. It's more than just a step in micro-computing technology, it could offer insights into real world applications such as cryptography. "There is a hope at the end of the tunnel that quantum computers may one day become a reality," says Gilles Brassard of University of Montreal. Quantum Mechanics give an unexpected clarity in the description of the behavior of atoms, electrons, and photons on the microscopic levels. Although this information isn't applicable in everday household uses it does certainly apply to every interaction of matter that we can see, the real benefits of this knowledge are just beginning to show themselves. In our computers, circut boards are designed so that a 1 or a 0 is represented by differering amounts of electriciy, the outcome of one possiblity has no effect on the other. However, a problem arises when quantum theories are introduced, the outcomes come from a single piece of hardware existing in two seperate realities and these realites overlap one another affecting both outcomes at once. These problems can become one of the greatest strengths of the new computer however, if it is possible to program the outcomes in such a way so that undesirable effects cancel themselves out while the positive ones reinforce each other. This quantum system must be able to program the equation into it, verify it's computation, and extract the results. Several possible systems have been looked at by researchers, one of which involves using electrons, atoms, or ions trapped inside of magnetic fields, intersecting lasers would then be used to excite the confined particles to the right wavelength and a second time to restore the particles to their ground state. A sequence of pulses could be used to array the particles into a pattern usuable in our system of equations. Another possibility by Seth Lloyd of MIT proposed using organic-metallic polymers (one dimensional molecules made of repeating atoms). The energy states of a given atom would be determined by it's interation with neighboring atoms in the chain. Laser pulses could be used to send signals down the polymer chain and the two ends would create two unique energy states. A third proposal was to replace the organic molecules with crystals in which information would be stored in the crystals in specific frequencies that could be processed with addtional pulses. The atomic nuclei, spining in either of two states (clockwise or counterclockwise) could be programmed with a tip of a atomic microscope, either "reading" it's

International management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International management - Essay Example Even though my previous academic achievements qualify me for a high-level employment opportunity in a management profession, becoming an all-round and outstanding chief executive is my immediate objective. Completing the program in a recognized institution and working for an outstanding organization are, therefore, the important ladders to my dream. Getting an opportunity with such kind of an employer, however, depends on the program that I intend to pursue and the institution from which the degree is acquired. The high level of competition that has arisen in the job market has also prompted my desire to take international management as my second master’s degree in order to match the current high and diversified academic qualifications employers require. Upon completion of the program, I intend to work with a multinational hotel, in which I shall have an opportunity to manage diversified cultures in different legal environments. Using my acquired skills from the course to contribute back to the society is also my aim. I, for instance, intend to apply the acquired knowledge to lecture in ‘business-oriented’ institutions besides contributing in public forums. Upon achieving my professional objective, I also aim at attaining a social status that will command authority to influence and mobilize the youth into productive activities such as entrepreneurial ventures and pursuit for higher education. This is because the youth currently lack professional figures with such authority and my level of passion. However, I can achieve such a social goal only through completing this master’s degree in international management for a highly regarded professional status. Besides my professional and social interest in the program, I have a wide base of strengths that guarantee my ability to complete the degree within the duration stipulated by the institution. Apart from completing my bachelor’s degree, which

Dissertation critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dissertation critique - Essay Example The research methodology is also not included in the introduction chapter to inform the reader about the approach adapted by the author to address the issue. The research study and findings have been included in the dissertation in the form of three main chapters. Each chapter revolves around one important factor of study; namely economical, political and cultural impacts. The hypotheses involving these three factors are stated in their respective chapters instead of discussing them in the ‘Introduction’ chapter. The first study involves the economic impacts of the integration of computer technology in out societies. The summary of the hypothesis that have been developed for the study on the basis of the economic factors are as follows; - Information and communication technologies (ICT) have a direct relationship with the foreign investments in the region; this hypothesis has been proved by the aid of some relevant literature and the reader gets convinced that there exists a direct casual relationship between the two factors. - The second hypothesis attempts to deduce a direct causal relationship between the different forms of government with the integration level of ICT. The author includes literature regarding the relationship between the form of government and the number of foreign investments in this hypothesis but does not address the relationship between the integration of ICT and the form of government in the society. This hypothesis is more related to politics than economics therefore it does not seem suitable for the analysis of economic impacts. The research methodology consisted of identification of the sample set of three high income countries. The research about the chosen sample countries’ GDP over the time period of 2001-2005 has been exhaustive. However, the research approach has not been specified i.e. the author does not mention if a deductive approach is

Canadian Aboriginal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Canadian Aboriginal Law - Essay Example This assists in managing and bonding the interaction between the government and the aboriginals. The aboriginal law was adopted from several sources of legislation since Section 91 (24) of the 1867 Constitution Act gives federal parliament the powers to legislate on matters affecting or relating to the Indians and their reserved land. Such mandate has led to enactment of various legislations including Indian Oil and Gas Act, Indian Act, and First Nations Land Management Act among others as discussed by Elkins (1999 p23). However, there had been a breakdown of the rule of law for Aboriginal people as this paper discusses. The study also describes how breaking the laws affect the Aboriginal people and the involved stakeholders such as the governmental agents. The study points out various aspects of the breakdown of the rule of law and government defiance in respect to aboriginals. The first aspect is the way the Aboriginal people are colonized internally in Canada through processes of cultural suppressions, breaching the trust and promises, legislative, dispossession, and public discriminations. The Aboriginals have no freedom of dispossessing their traditional resources and land in Canada. There had been forced relocations and taking of First Nations’ land and resources that increase the dispossession cases from indigenous people. There has also enforcement and enactment of other policies, laws, and practices perceived to weaken the Aboriginal societies and economies, forcing the people to be assimilated into Canadian mainstreams. The Aboriginal Law reinforces the approach of colonialism by ignoring the fundamental rights of the aboriginal people, especially the rights treaty (Hogg p.631). The Canadian Constitution ironically, recognizes such legislations. Moreover, the federal government of Canada continues to strengthen and maintain the domination of Indian Act by adopting legislations that affect the Aboriginals’ human rights of determining and governing their own political future. The federal government also breaks the law by refusing to fairly, promptly, and equal address several cases of private or governmental theft of Aboriginal’s reserved land and resources. This undermines the rule of law and hinders the aboriginal people from getting their justice. Another aspect is the dishonor of treaties between the government and the Aboriginal people. The treaties gives a fundamental framework for the First Nation people to govern themselves and their cultural diversities be respected by all stakeholders in the country. Unfortunately, the dishonor by the federal government of the treaties means the infringement of law and order. This gives the government an opportunity to oppress the aboriginals, especially discriminating them from better public service deliveries. This results to poor governmental services to the society such as health, water, poor infrastructures, and food safety among other services. Study reveals th at among the diseases such as Tuberculosis are commonly affecting the Aboriginal societies, as compared to un-Aboriginals in Canada. Other diseases such as diabetes were uncommon to the Aboriginal society, but it is currently affecting them at the highest rate as compared to the rest societies in the world (Coon, 2003). This is because the government discriminate them from the medical services such as insurance care system. The life expectancy of Aboriginal people is six years lower than the non-Aboriginal Canadians. This

Data description Essay Example for Free

Data description Essay The next step of the analysis is to compare the rank order of the relative true factor endowments in Table 1, to the rank order of the trade-revealed factor endowments in Table 2. Comparing these rank orders shows that both rank orders are identical, except that the rankings of land and un-skilled labour are switched. Furthermore, this table demonstrates that the trade performance of Vietnam, measured by exports minus imports, is dependent on the country-specific abundance of land, low-skilled labour. This implies that Vietnam has a comparative advantage in goods that make intensive use of unskilled-skilled and land, and a comparative disadvantage in goods that make intensive use of capital, intermediate and highly-skilled labour. The limitation of the study is that the absolute value of trade-revealed factor endowment (value of F: the left hand side of equation 4) and the relative true factor endowment (value of the right hand side of equation 4) do not coincide. This may be due to five factors: first, a key explanation is that each country uses different production techniques, these differences reflect factor endowment differences. Therefore, factor content studies that use a common technology matrix will systematically understate actual factor content. This leads to a failure in the assumption of factor price equalisation. Second explanation for the early failure to find factor content is an apparent bias in consumption towards locally produced goods. Third, although the input-output tables are becoming available for many countries, they are arguably not the highest quality economic data available. Fourth, the differences between the trade-revealed factor content and relatively true factor endowment also comes from the introduction of costs to international trade, which could have a strong effect on trade volume9. Finally, goods of intermediate factor intensity fall into the non-traded sector, so we tended to underestimate the true factor content of trade. There is a systematic correlation between country capital abundance and industry input usage not only in tradables (where this now suggests specialization) but also in non-tradables (where this suggests factor substitution). Thus, a mismatch can occur in calculating the factor content of trade and relatively true factor endowment. Some researchers are trying to build a new model that predicts some of the technology and demand modifications needed by the empirical factor content studies to make the Heckscher-Ohlin model fit the data. In addition to the two tests, based on the figures in column two and four, Spearmans and Kendalls correlation was computed. The value of coefficient is 0. 9 and the correlation is statistically significant at 97% level of confidence. In addition, Kendalls correlation was also performed for the rank test using information in column three and five, the coefficient is also 0. 9, and it is significant at 96% level of confidence. Therefore, findings of the sign test and rank test support the H-O-V theorem in trade between Vietnam and the world. 6 Conclusion The HOV theorem on trade between Vietnam and the world was tested by measuring both true and trade-revealed factor endowments. Two non-parametrics tests were conducted, the sign test and the rank test. Since the sign test was completely successful and the rank orders of factor abundance according to both methods of measurement are very similar, the HOV theorem is confirmed. The analysis of Vietnams factor endowments has shown that Vietnam has factor abundances in land and un-skilled labour, land whereas it has factor scarcities in capital, semi-skilled labour and highly-skilled labour. This implies that Vietnam has a revealed comparative advantage in goods that are intensive in the use of land and un-skilled labour and a comparative disadvantage in goods that are intensive in the use of capital, semi-skilled labour and highly-skilled labour. Therefore, the theory performed well, indicating that the relevant framework may be a reasonable framework for policy studies. In addition, studies of the factor content of trade may help in addressing policy questions of the impact of openness on national income levels and distribution. In fact, there already is a study mapping measures of the factor content of trade into impacts on domestic relative wages for the United States and other members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) under some conditions which such a mapping makes sense. This work has been very important in clarifying issues to be addressed in future work. A major area for future work is taking the empirical frameworks favored by the studies of factor content and find out the consequences of international integration on incomes and inequality. To sum up, study on factor content of trade bring out a deep understanding of how resources may drive patterns of trade between a country and other countries, and between a country and a region. References Bowen, H. P. , Leamer,E. E. , Sveikauskas,L. , 1987. Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance Theory, American Economic Review, 77:791-809. Brecher,A. Choudhri,E. U. (1982), The Factor Content of International Trade without Factor-Price Equalisation, Journal of International Economics, 12:277-283.